ABSTRACT
A doença renal crônica (DRC) é caracterizada por uma perda progressiva da função renal e suas principais causas são hipertensão arterial (HA) e diabete melito. Entre as causas de HA, podemos destacar a doença renal aterosclerótica (DRA). O desenvolvimento de DRC nos pacientes com DRA parece ser decorrente não apenas do acometimento das artérias renais principais, mas também da microcirculação renal, o que pode justificar o fato de o sucesso do procedimento não garantir uma melhora da evolução da DRC. Até o presente momento, não existe evidência de benefício da angioplastia em relação ao tratamento clínico exclusivo nos pacientes com DRA. O presente trabalho analisa os estudos mais significantes sobre os desfechos renais em pacientes portadores de DRA submetidos à revascularização ou ao tratamento clínico exclusivo.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a progressive loss of renal function and its main causes are hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Among the causes of hypertension is atherosclerotic renal disease (ARD). The development of CKD in patients with ARD appears to be due not only to the involvement of the main renal arteries, but also of the renal microcirculation, which may explain the fact that the success of the procedure does not guarantee an improvement in the progression of CKD. To date there is no evidence of benefit of angioplasty compared to medical treatment alone in patients with ARD. The present paper analyzes the most significant studies on renal outcomes in patients with ARD undergoing revascularization or medical treatment alone.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Mice , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors , Paclitaxel/administration & dosage , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP) , Floxuridine/administration & dosage , Floxuridine/pharmacology , Mice, Inbred ICR , Neoplasm Transplantation , Tegafur/administration & dosage , Tegafur/pharmacology , Uracil/administration & dosage , Uracil/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Xanthohumol (XH), the principal prenylflavonoid of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.), dose-dependently inhibited isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX)-induced melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells, with little cytotoxicity at the effective concentrations. Decreased melanin content was accompanied by reduced tyrosinase enzyme activity, protein and mRNA expression. The levels of tyrosinase-related protein 1 and 2 mRNAs were decreased by XH. XH also inhibited alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone- or forskolin-induced increases in melanogenesis, suggesting an action on the cAMP-dependent melanogenic pathway. XH downregulated the protein and mRNA expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a master transcriptional regulator of key melanogenic enzymes. These results suggest that XH might act as a hypo-pigmenting agent through the downregulation of MITF in the cAMP-dependent melanogenic pathway.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology , Cell Line , Cell Survival/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Down-Regulation , Drug Antagonism , Colforsin/pharmacology , Humulus , Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors , Melanins/antagonists & inhibitors , Melanocytes/drug effects , Melanoma, Experimental , Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors , Monophenol Monooxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors , Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors , Propiophenones/pharmacology , Signal Transduction/drug effects , alpha-MSH/metabolismABSTRACT
The effects of a beta-blocker, propranolol, on the enzyme and isoenzyme activities in the heart muscle in vitro and concomitant histopathology of the component cells of the islets of Langerhans were studied in the Wistar rats after treatment with streptozotocin and isoproterenol. The biochemical data indicated that the isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction (MI) precipitates an acute diabetic response in the rat heart. The superimposition of MI in diabetes mellitus caused significant inhibition of phosphofructokinase and hexokinase in the heart muscle. The lactate dehydrogenase depicted shifting of H-type to M-type in diabetes with or without MI. The drugs, when administered in combination, brought distinctive histopathological changes in beta-cells of the pancreatic islets including degranulation, hyalinosis and a near-total destruction; however A and D cells remained more or less unaffected. The effect of propranolol in diabetes mellitus was uncertain but in MI with or without prior diabetes, the drug inversely altered the activities of all the cardiac enzymes, besides stimulating a mild recuperation of the cells of the endocrine parenchyma.